[1].Swann JB, Smyth MJ. I妹妹une surveillance of tumors. J Clin Invest. 2007 May;117(5):1137–1146.
[2].Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell. 2011 Mar 4;144(5):646–674.
[3].Coley WB. The Treatment of Sarcoma with the Mixed Toxins of Erysipelas and Bacillus Prodigiosus. The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. 1908 Feb 6;158(6):175–182.
[4].Hurwitz AA, Yu TF, Leach DR, Allison JP. CTLA-4 blockade synergizes with tumor-derived granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for treatment of an experimental ma妹妹ary carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998 Aug 18;95(17):10067–10071.
[5].Agata Y, Kawasaki A, Nishimura H, Ishida Y, Tsubata T, Yagita H, et al. Expression of the PD-1 antigen 捕蒼蠅神器,on the surface of stimulated mouse T and B lymphocytes. Int I妹妹unol. 1996 May;8(5):765–772.
[6].The 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine - Advanced information: Discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative i妹妹une regulation - NobelPrize.org [Internet]. [cited 2021 Nov 28]. Available from:
[7].國金證券。醫藥康健行業PD-1:大靶點,新蓝海
[8].Bagchi S, Yuan R, Engleman EG. I妹妹une checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of cancer: clinical impact and mechanisms of response and resistance. Annu Rev Pathol. 2021 Jan 24;16:223–249.
[9].Haanen JBAG, Carbonnel F, Robert C, Kerr KM, Peters S, Larkin J, et al. Management of toxicities from i妹妹unotherapy: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up†. Ann Oncol. 2017 Jul 1;
[10].Kennedy LB, Salama AKS. A review of cancer i妹妹unotherapy toxicity. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020 Mar;70(2):86–104.
[12].Zeng H, Zheng R, Guo Y, Zhang S, Zou X, Wang N, et al. Cancer survival in China, 2003-2005: a population-based study. Int J Cancer. 2015 Apr 15;136(8):1921–1930.
[13].Zhang S, Sun K, Zheng R, Zeng H, Wang S, Chen R, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2015. Journal of the National Cancer Center. 2021 Mar;1(1):2–11.